29 November 2009
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Sarimah speaks out
Published in Sunday People, New Sunday Times
15 November 2009
TV host Sarimah Ibrahim talks to MAX KOH about The Biggest Loser Asia, her brush with cancer and why it’s so important to take care of Sarimah the person first before Sarimah the celebrity
SARIMAH Ibrahim is not an unfamiliar face in the broadcasting industry. After bursting onto the small screen 13 years ago in The Attic Show, the television host has charmed audiences with her bubbly personality and can-do attitude.
Meeting her for the first time at this interview, I am amazed at how youthful she looks. I first saw her on television when I was in lower secondary school and here she is now, in the flesh! It’s as though 13 years have flashed by and she’s barely been touched by the vestiges of time.
Sarimah makes herself comfy on the sofa in the NSTP studio room and removes her sash that reads Ambassador Against Cervical Cancer. Though she’s feeling a little tired, she bravely puts on a winsome smile and exudes that effervescent personality that has been charming audiences for years.
“The skill is in looking good even when you’re tired and haven’t slept or eaten,” she confides. “It’s what people expect of us. As a television personality, we give people a form of escapism.”
One does wonder how she does it. She had just come from a 15-hour shoot for The Biggest Loser Asia (TBLA) and to make things worse, she had a flat tyre on the way.
Sarimah is here to talk about her experience hosting the first TBLA which premieres on the Hallmark Channel on Nov 24.
“It’s definitely an exciting, overwhelmingly experience for me. It has been an eye-opener and I’m learning new things every day,” she says.
Feedback from the producer and director has been nothing but encouraging. “What’s really great about working on this show is that I don’t have to compromise my values and morals. The director and producers listen and value my input for the show,” she adds.
Sarimah was auditioning for Contender Asia when she was asked to go for a screen test for TBLA as well. Three months later, she received a call saying that she got the job.
“My background (she has worked in Ireland, Dubai and Malaysia) appealed to them. They felt I was most suitable because of my image, my popularity and what I represented for women, men, family values, Asians and my uniqueness,” she adds.
During the TBLA auditions in the different South-East Asian countries, Sarimah was overwhelmed by how the people were so receptive of her.
“It was like one of those bingung moments. They were rushing to take pictures with me. I supposed they can identify themselves with me because of my mixed heritage,” says Sarimah who has Irish, Italian, Chinese, Malay and Indonesian blood.
I mean, I can represent the whole world,” she says, laughing. “You couldn’t mix it up any more than me.”
This has been her most challenging job so far. “Hosting a reality show is challenging because you incorporate elements of acting, singing and modelling. This show takes it to next level because of it regional and possibly international level.”
TBLA will be broadcasted in more than 20 countries in Asia with possibility of reaching Europe and United States.
Recently, she was named spokesperson for National Cancer Society Malaysia’s (NCSM) “Power Over Cervical Cancer” awareness campaign.
Her involvement could not have been more personal as Sarimah was once diagnosed with a cyst in her cervix.
“Several years ago, I was so career-driven that I forgot to put myself as a woman first. I was busy being a TV host, singer, actress and model and I took my health for granted.
“I experienced pain in my tummy and I had to go to the toilet very often. But I ignored the signs, thinking that I just had a weak bladder. Because I did not take early preventive measures and go for tests, I developed a cyst.
“I only found out when I almost fainted on location one day because of the severe pain. I went for a pap smear because I knew there was something not right. The doctor sent me for a scan and found a cyst the size of a small watermelon.”
She underwent emergency operation the next day to have it removed. “The doctor said I was lucky because it could have burst or developed into cancer.”
She was told that the cyst had been growing for the past seven years.
Sarimah did the math and realised it dated back to the start of her career. “I was so busy focusing on my job that I forgot about my health.”
Her younger brother was diagnosed with leukaemia. “We never thought it could happen to him because he was only 18, handsome and an outgoing person. He went for treatment and thank God he is now alive and healthy.
The thing is, it can happen to anyone — your brother, sister, parents or friends. So put your health first.”
This is also why Sarimah has agreed to be a spokesperson for NCSM. “There are things in life than you can control and things you cannot. If you love yourself or a woman in your life, encourage yourself or her to take the tests and let professionals take care of you.”
“This year has been an eye-opener. I’ve had to rethink my health priorities. I realise that being a celebrity comes with great responsibilities. The moment I step out of my apartment, I am in the public eye. Therefore, I have to be careful with everything I say or do.
“I realised this when I got divorced recently and my picture appeared on the front page of a daily newspaper, sharing space with the Prime Minister and Angelina Jolie,” she says, laughing. “A mistake will have a ripple effect on your career.”
While she maintains a friendly relationship with her ex-husband, she is launching Sarimah Sdn Bhd in a few months.
“Lately, I realised that I have a huge impression on people around me. What I say, what I stand for and what I do have an effect on people. So, with branding myself, I can express what I stand for more clearly, rather than have news of what I do scattered around.”
That includes putting Sarimah the person before the celebrity. “My doctor says I’m as healthy as a horse today. If I don’t take care of myself, I won’t be able to speak up for things that I’m passionate about.
“And while I’m still can, let everyone use my voice for good causes.”
The Biggest Loser Asia premieres on Hallmark Channel on Nov 24 and airs every Tuesday at 9pm.
15 November 2009
TV host Sarimah Ibrahim talks to MAX KOH about The Biggest Loser Asia, her brush with cancer and why it’s so important to take care of Sarimah the person first before Sarimah the celebrity
SARIMAH Ibrahim is not an unfamiliar face in the broadcasting industry. After bursting onto the small screen 13 years ago in The Attic Show, the television host has charmed audiences with her bubbly personality and can-do attitude.
Meeting her for the first time at this interview, I am amazed at how youthful she looks. I first saw her on television when I was in lower secondary school and here she is now, in the flesh! It’s as though 13 years have flashed by and she’s barely been touched by the vestiges of time.
Sarimah makes herself comfy on the sofa in the NSTP studio room and removes her sash that reads Ambassador Against Cervical Cancer. Though she’s feeling a little tired, she bravely puts on a winsome smile and exudes that effervescent personality that has been charming audiences for years.
“The skill is in looking good even when you’re tired and haven’t slept or eaten,” she confides. “It’s what people expect of us. As a television personality, we give people a form of escapism.”
One does wonder how she does it. She had just come from a 15-hour shoot for The Biggest Loser Asia (TBLA) and to make things worse, she had a flat tyre on the way.
Sarimah is here to talk about her experience hosting the first TBLA which premieres on the Hallmark Channel on Nov 24.
“It’s definitely an exciting, overwhelmingly experience for me. It has been an eye-opener and I’m learning new things every day,” she says.
Feedback from the producer and director has been nothing but encouraging. “What’s really great about working on this show is that I don’t have to compromise my values and morals. The director and producers listen and value my input for the show,” she adds.
Sarimah was auditioning for Contender Asia when she was asked to go for a screen test for TBLA as well. Three months later, she received a call saying that she got the job.
“My background (she has worked in Ireland, Dubai and Malaysia) appealed to them. They felt I was most suitable because of my image, my popularity and what I represented for women, men, family values, Asians and my uniqueness,” she adds.
During the TBLA auditions in the different South-East Asian countries, Sarimah was overwhelmed by how the people were so receptive of her.
“It was like one of those bingung moments. They were rushing to take pictures with me. I supposed they can identify themselves with me because of my mixed heritage,” says Sarimah who has Irish, Italian, Chinese, Malay and Indonesian blood.
I mean, I can represent the whole world,” she says, laughing. “You couldn’t mix it up any more than me.”
This has been her most challenging job so far. “Hosting a reality show is challenging because you incorporate elements of acting, singing and modelling. This show takes it to next level because of it regional and possibly international level.”
TBLA will be broadcasted in more than 20 countries in Asia with possibility of reaching Europe and United States.
Sarimah's voice for the voiceless
Recently, she was named spokesperson for National Cancer Society Malaysia’s (NCSM) “Power Over Cervical Cancer” awareness campaign.
Her involvement could not have been more personal as Sarimah was once diagnosed with a cyst in her cervix.
“Several years ago, I was so career-driven that I forgot to put myself as a woman first. I was busy being a TV host, singer, actress and model and I took my health for granted.
“I experienced pain in my tummy and I had to go to the toilet very often. But I ignored the signs, thinking that I just had a weak bladder. Because I did not take early preventive measures and go for tests, I developed a cyst.
“I only found out when I almost fainted on location one day because of the severe pain. I went for a pap smear because I knew there was something not right. The doctor sent me for a scan and found a cyst the size of a small watermelon.”
She underwent emergency operation the next day to have it removed. “The doctor said I was lucky because it could have burst or developed into cancer.”
She was told that the cyst had been growing for the past seven years.
Sarimah did the math and realised it dated back to the start of her career. “I was so busy focusing on my job that I forgot about my health.”
Her younger brother was diagnosed with leukaemia. “We never thought it could happen to him because he was only 18, handsome and an outgoing person. He went for treatment and thank God he is now alive and healthy.
The thing is, it can happen to anyone — your brother, sister, parents or friends. So put your health first.”
This is also why Sarimah has agreed to be a spokesperson for NCSM. “There are things in life than you can control and things you cannot. If you love yourself or a woman in your life, encourage yourself or her to take the tests and let professionals take care of you.”
Today, Sarimah goes for regular check-ups and is more diligent about her health. “Whenever I have the time, I exercise and I do Pilates at least three times a week,” she says. “This is why I can endure 15 hours of shooting and still come here to talk to you.”
Sarimah Sdn Bhd
“This year has been an eye-opener. I’ve had to rethink my health priorities. I realise that being a celebrity comes with great responsibilities. The moment I step out of my apartment, I am in the public eye. Therefore, I have to be careful with everything I say or do.
“I realised this when I got divorced recently and my picture appeared on the front page of a daily newspaper, sharing space with the Prime Minister and Angelina Jolie,” she says, laughing. “A mistake will have a ripple effect on your career.”
While she maintains a friendly relationship with her ex-husband, she is launching Sarimah Sdn Bhd in a few months.
“Lately, I realised that I have a huge impression on people around me. What I say, what I stand for and what I do have an effect on people. So, with branding myself, I can express what I stand for more clearly, rather than have news of what I do scattered around.”
That includes putting Sarimah the person before the celebrity. “My doctor says I’m as healthy as a horse today. If I don’t take care of myself, I won’t be able to speak up for things that I’m passionate about.
“And while I’m still can, let everyone use my voice for good causes.”
The Biggest Loser Asia premieres on Hallmark Channel on Nov 24 and airs every Tuesday at 9pm.
Media Analysis: Comparison on the Permatang Pauh by-elections coverage by The Star and Malaysiakini and why independent media is important
This is a seminar paper I wrote for Media Context subject for Taylor's College.
The most important role of independent media is to provide an alternative voice. Discuss.
Media Analysis: Comparison on the Permatang Pauh by-elections coverage by The Star and Malaysiakini and why independent media is important
By Max Koh
Introduction
When Anwar Ibrahim emerged as the winner in the Permatang Pauh by-elections, blogs across the Internet rejoiced at the prospect of the Opposition de facto leader’s return to the political arena. It is, after all, a no simple by-elections. It has been ten years since the exiled former Deputy Prime Minister was sacked of his post, detained, charged in court, convicted and sentenced to 15 years of incarceration (Nain and Wang 2004). His eventual win would signify his return as a member in Parliament and is also closely tied to his bid to take over the government by September 16 (Malaysiakini 2008). His pledge, if fulfilled, would usher in a new Malaysia which for the first time- will see a new administration in place of ruling incumbent party Barisan Nasional (BN).
The sentiments in the online world were particularly significant as at the win was largely influenced by the Internet’s ability to provide an alternative voice to the coverage portrayed in the mainstream media (Netto 2008). At the heart of this independent voice is several blogs and also online independent news portal Malaysiakini to provide alternative views and coverage during the by-elections. The role of independent media could not be discounted in the eventual by-election outcome.
The purpose of this paper is to examine how the independent media has functioned as an alternative voice during this crucial by-elections period. We will examine coverage by independent news portal Malaysiakini and compare them to mainstream newspaper The Star during the by-elections period from 16th August to 27th August 2008. We will then discuss how the alternative voice is important as an agent of democratization, in fulfilling its role as gatekeepers, and to provide as an important alternative source to traditional news sources.
Background
Studies by scholars have shown that mainstream media is likely to portray in favour of the ruling government especially during the elections period. This nature is largely attributed to the fact that most mainstream media is owned or under control of the BN component parties (Loh and Mustafa 1996). Anuar (2003) observed that during the 1999 General Elections, coverage was tilted towards the ruling parties. The mainstream media exhibited favouritism and biasness.
The 1999 general election is especially significant as precedent to that, deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim was sacked by then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad amidst sleazy allegations of sodomy, adultery, and abuse of power. However, certain quarters perceived the sacking as a top-level conspiracy headed by Mahathir, who had been logging heads with Anwar in certain policies, especially those pertaining to the 1997 Asian financial crisis (Nain and Wang 2004).
Anwar retaliated by going on a nationwide campaign to clear his name and soon detailed cases of nepotism (especially those involving Mahathir’s family), and cronyism (involving business friend of Mahathir and previous finance minister, Daim Zainuddin) emerged. The Reformasi movement begin to gain momentum as Anwar was arrested under the draconian Internal Security Act (ISA), his subsequent “black eye” incident, and his conviction that created splits especially within the Malay community.
However, these allegations and incidents were largely downplayed, if not ignored by the mainstream media, as it begin to lose its credibility in the eyes of critical citizens. The economic and political crisis was not discussed in the mainstream newspapers, and more importantly, the government’s bail-out of selected companies belonging to his children was never discussed. This has led the public to lose trust in the mainstream media (Sabri 2000).
Following that, the crackdown on dissents began with pro-reformasi and pro-Opposition publications having their printing permits revoked. Attention then shifted to the Internet for alternative news. It was at that time, Malaysia’s first web-based newspaper, Malaysiakini, was launched. It describes itself as “an Internet media project featuring independent news coverage, investigative journalism and in-depth analysis... conceived by journalists unhappy with the sorry state of our mass media” (Malaysiakini 2008) and within a year, it received rave write-ups and won numerous international awards (Nain and Wang 2003). The mainstream media continued to be biased.
The pattern did not change during the recent March 2008 general elections. A media monitor initiative by the Centre for Independence Journalism (CIJ), Writers Alliance for Media Independence (WAMI) and Charter 2000-Aliran showed that the biasness still persisted in major print media to toe the line of the incumbent government BN and its candidates (Aliran 2008). The unfavourable treatment of the press was shown when the Opposition won its most seats in history, showing their distrust of the viral propaganda exhibited by mainstream press.
These incidents serve as a backdrop to our study as Permatang Pauh operated in a post-March 2008 media climate. In a talk by Sunday Star editor Soo Ewe Jin (2008) to Taylor’s College students, he observed that the mainstream media has allocated more space for the Opposition party as they have successfully become elected public officials (including blogger Jeff Ooi who runs the influential political blog Screenshots). This sentiment is shared by blogger Anil Netto (2008) who said that various mainstream newspapers are providing more coverage of the Oppositional views. In our study, we seek to investigate these observations and affirm our hypothesis that the independent media is still needed as an alternative voice for several reasons.
Methodology
The study was conducted from 16th August to 27th August 2008; from the nomination day of the candidates to the day after the election results. The extensive periods provide ample and complete resources for our study. We have chosen the mainstream newspaper The Star and online independent portal Malaysiakini as the subjects or our research. We will examine the content of stories published every day and conduct a direct comparison in terms of priming, framing and agenda-setting.
From the outset, we assume that Malaysiakini will be more balance and extensive in its coverage of the elections. The Star, while said to be more extensive in its coverage since the March 2008 results, is predicted to be limited in its coverage compared to its mainstream counterpart.
The study is limited to the fact that only two media outlets are studied in this research. Nevertheless, the choices will reflect the general nature of these two supposedly opposing media. The Star was chosen because it is the leading newspaper with the largest readership in Malaysia (Neilsen Media Research Q4 2007) while Malaysiakini is considered the leading source for independent news (Malaysiakini 2008).
Analysis
In our research, we found that The Star showed obvious bias by the placement of news stories in the Permatang Pauh by-election coverage during the whole campaign period. News about BN activities and its candidate Arif Shah were published in the first few pages and given precedence while news of Opposition is sidelined. Pictures of Arif and BN leaders were featured more in its pages than Opposition members. Even though the Opposition members may be covered, they are often portrayed negatively. On 17 August, The Star’s report ‘Another photographer claims assault’ negatively alleged that Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) members assaulted photographers. The next day, another article titled ‘Unruly behaviour rapped’ appeared where PKR’s supporters were described as vulgar and lewd (The Star, 18 August 2008). Again, the newspaper is quick to portray BN leaders in the good light while accusation against Anwar by various BN leaders appeared on the first few pages (The Star, 20 August 2008).
In comparison, Malaysiakini did not shy away from news that linked Arif to negative elements. A case in example is the coverage of Arif’s brother to a scandal and the questionable procuring of his bogus PhD (Malaysiakini, August 18, 22). Other news angles otherwise ignored by The Star but covered by Malaysiakini was the questionable sodomy claims of Saiful Bukhari (former aide of Anwar who claimed to be sodomised) by the Ustaz who oversee his swearing, an NGO’s protest of the electoral roll, and BN’s ‘phantom’ buses (Malaysiakini, August 18, 22, 25, 26). Even the post-election result news gave unflinchingly supporting the Opposition: ‘Anwar gets big majority, BN concedes humiliation defeat’ (Malaysiakini, August 26) while The Star’s angle on the win was how Deputy Prime Minister affirms that ‘democracy is alive and well’ (The Star, August 27).
For direct comparison, we will examine the two post-election result news stories. In The Star’s main story, ‘Democracy is alive and well, says Najib’ (The Star, August 27) the lead paragraph was already framed in favour of the ruling government. The framing was such that it still portrayed government in the good light and took their comment in precedent of Anwar’s statements even though he won the elections. In a similar story, Malaysiakini opted for the headline ‘BN concedes humiliating defeat’ (Malaysiakini, August 26) which already framed the BN as the losing party and humiliated.
In another article published by The Star, ‘Water bottles hurled at Najib’ (August 27) again portrayed Anwar’s supporters as violent and rude. While this was not covered in Malaysiakini, similar rude behaviour was also demonstrated by BN supporters including a picture showing its members making crude gestures depicting a sodomy action (an obvious poke at Anwar). This picture was published on Malaysiakini but avoided altogether in The Star.
Conclusion
These examples have clearly shown that Malaysiakini provides an alternative view to the news coverage provided by the mainstream media, as exemplified by The Star. This independent role offering alternative view is especially important in this country where the mainstream media is government-owned. McCombs and Shaw (1972) claims that ownership largely creates agenda setting on part of the editorial where “news influences and helps to shape public awareness and debate”.
The government-owned The Star gave much focus and significance to BN while Malaysiakini’s coverage was more balanced and tilted towards the Opposition. While Malaysiakini claims to be non-partisan, the readership proves to be anti-government as can be clearly seen in the Voxpopuli and comment sections. On August 26 Voxpopuli “Anwar a lucky charm for nation” showed how the public supports Anwar while The Star tends to portray Anwar negatively. Agenda setting as influenced by their owners does not contribute well to democracy as it presents an un-directional model to an issue especially during the elections (Blumler et al 1989).
The existence of independent voices such as Malaysiakini provides an opportunity of access to information otherwise neglected by the mainstream media. This contributes to the process of democratisation where everyone has “the access to increasingly professional and cheap tools or production to publish to a global audience” (Gilmour cited in Allan 2006). When the mainstream media is restricted and limited by acts such as the Printing & Press Act and ISA, cybervoice allows marginalised voices and views to be heard. Independent online news website such as Malaysiakini is able to contravene some of the draconian laws in Malaysia. The study has shown that Malaysiakini reported on issues such as Arif’s bogus PhD, Saiful’s unceremonious swearing which will otherwise be not represented in the mainstream media. This information is important in order for the electoral to make an informed and effective decision.
Malaysiakini also allows the voices of the people to be heard in an otherwise one-way communication model practiced by traditional media. The ability for readers to comment allows interactivity and shape the direction and news content of the day. We observed that the Voxpopuli section of Malaysiakini allowed dissenting views while The Star published letters that were inclined to the ruling powers.
While Malaysiakini allowed dissents views to be published, a more balanced practice of reporting would serve the community better to provide a well-represented view of an issue. It should strive to provide a multi-perspectical news reporting which “ideally... encompasses fact and opinion reflecting all possible perspectives” (Gans 2003). At a time when mainstream media’s credibility is questioned, independent voices like Malaysiakini can lead the way towards more effective, respectable, credible and functional journalism.
(1,901 words)
References
‘Another photographer claims assault’ 2008, The Star, 17 August, p.4
Netto, A 2008, There’s a new opposition newspaper in town, online, retrieved 12 May 2008, from http://anilnetto.com/2008/03/15/red-faced-editors-try-to-reinvent-mainstream-media/.
Sabri, Z 2000, Face off: A Malaysian reformasi diary (1998-1999), Big O Books, Singapore.
Soo, EJ 2008, Speech in Taylor’s College, unpublished.
‘Unruly behaviour rapped’ 2008, The Star, 18 August, p.3
Utusan tops as the most pro-BN paper, online, retrieved 14 May 2008, from http://www.aliran.com/elections/.
‘Water bottles hurled at Najib’, The Star, 27 August, p.4
‘Your Say: Saiful, don’t hide behind religion’, Malaysiakini, 18 August, viewed 4 September 2008, < http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/87998>.
Seminar Paper: Ethical journalism requires conscientious decision-making in context
This is a seminar paper that I wrote for my Journalism Ethics subject in Taylor's College.
Ethical journalism requires conscientious decision-making in context
By Max Koh
It is the society that grants journalists the power to observe and report, and the society expect nothing less than true, honest, fair and accurate reporting (Tanner et al 2005). Kovach and Rosenthiel (2004) argue that journalists’ first loyalty to the citizens and their objective is to report facts as truthful and honest as possible. However, in fulfilling these responsibilities to the public, journalists face decision-making process everyday that is not always so obviously determined by a set of codes and law. Franklin (2005) argues that while journalistic codes of ethics exist to assist reporters to make those important decisions every day, ultimately it is conscience that becomes the ethical compass in situations where no formal codes can give clear guidance or morally dictates a decision is right or wrong. Franklin (2005) argues that the more experience a journalist is, the more readily he/she should recognise that such codes are not all-inclusive.
Nevertheless, Voakes (1997) argues that there is a hierarchy of social influences that influence journalists’ decision-making in ethical situations at most of the times, whether explicitly or not. This view is shared by Tanner (2005) who argues that journalists wrestle daily with their consciences in making ethical decisions in the newsroom.
However, this form of perception is further added by a moral compass that steers how journalists operate in the newsroom. Studies have shown that journalists are drawn to the profession by a sense of social responsibility (Schultz 1998). This include the journalists’ strive to report the truth in fairness and as accurately as possible on order to serve the public interest (Kovach & Rosenthiel 2004). This ‘desire to be ethical’ (Merrill 1997) forms the foundation of journalistic responsibility and can be categorised into three overarching behavioural norms: truth-telling, responsibility, and free expression (Christians 1989). Firstly, journalists strive to report reality as accurately as possible without fiction (truth-telling). Responsibility refers to the sense of behaviour where journalists act in order to serve the public and be accountable to them. And free expression relates to the internal desire to have personal freedom from external influences.
In a talk on journalism ethics to Taylors College student recently, Centre of Journalism editor Gayathry Venkiteswaran (2008) said that a cadet journalist who enters the newsroom can be very easily influenced by the cultural norms that exist within the news institution. She advised the cadets to hold on to their personal ethics and not succumb easily to social norms. This newsroom cultural norms can be interpreted as the small group social influence, and is confirmed by Schultz’s (1998) 1992 Media and Democracy Survey that ‘Colleagues are consistently the most significant source of guidance for the journalists surveyed.’ Findings in Voakes’ (1997) survey support this view as it is found that colleagues and editors often embolden a journalist to take some risk ethically. A 10-question-model proposed by Black, Steele and Barney’s (1997) advise journalists to seek other perspectives in their daily decision-making process. Within the newsroom culture, it is the fellow journalists and editors that one mostly seeks advice and help from. This is crucial as the more experienced senior journalists and editors will be able to help journalists make ethical journalistic decisions.
It is also found in Voakes’ (1998) study that the organisation continues to highly influence decision-making by scoring the highest value. Another study by Johnstone et al (1973) found that the type of organisation have a bearing on how a journalist defines his responsibilities. It also found that the larger and more powerful news organisations allow the journalist to play a more active role in their decision-making process. Johnstone argues that an organisation by its very nature places restrictions on individual autonomy. In her speech, Venkiteswaran (2008) said that most journalists working in local mainstream media had their stories killed or altered in order to protect the interest of the media owners.
Competitive influence is concerned with the organisation’s relations with competitive news media in its market as well as the organisation’s place in the market (Voakes 1997). Weaver and Wilhoit (1996) found that competing media ranked seventh out of nine choices for influences for news judgement. While the study by Voakes (1997) also found that competitiveness is the least influential factor in ethical decision-making process, it is still important as it does have some bearing on the journalist’s ultimate decision on ethical situation.
Occupational values comprise a common system of attitudes and beliefs that is transformed through the process of socialisation, into a system of norms to guide behaviour. This can be divided into two: the formal ‘professional’ ethical codes of conduct which is more concrete and the ongoing evolving of occupational norms. The formal codes of ethics are such as those drawn up by the Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance (MEAA) and National Union of Journalists. But while they do exist, they are rarely if ever enforced (Marzolf 1991). However, they do provide the articulation of the attitudes and general behaviour that is practiced by journalists in ethical decision-making. Tanner et al (2004) confirms that while codes of ethics are powerless, the professional codes are significant as they are the practitioners’ own articulation of the central principles governing their conduct. Professional codes are vital and as a comparison of the European codes (Laitila 1995) has shown, most codes share three key principles: accountability to the public, accountability to the sources and referents, and protection of the journalist’s professional integrity. So while the code alone cannot ensure ethical journalism, it is still an important influence in making ethical decisions (Voakes 1997).
Extramedia refers to influences from outside the organisations and structures of the news media (Shoemaker & Reese 1996). There are two main extramedia influences: sources of information and audience reaction. Gans (1979) posits that there is a symbiotic relationship between journalists and their sources. If a journalist writes against the favour of his source, he risk cutting off the flow of information for the future. Chequebook journalism and ‘freebies’ also comes into play and may give rise to conflicts of interest.
Ethical decisions are very much influenced by legal obligations as well. In Malaysia, the presence of repressive laws such as the Internal Security Act (ISA), Official Secret Act (OSA), Printing Presses and Publication Act (PPPA), and Broadcasting Act inhibit the way journalists approach news and views, careful not to stir up ‘sensitive’ sentiments (Nain & Lay Kim 2004). The way journalists write in mainstream media has been affected ever since the Operasi Lalang crackdown in 1987 when the government shut down three national newspapers, The Star, Watan, and Sin Chew Jit Poh, and had their publishing permits or licensed revoked under the ISA when they reported sensitive issues about Chinese education and inter-ethnic tensions between political parties. When The Star was revived some months later, it was very much less critical of the government. Clearly, the ways journalists approach their news are very much influenced by the draconian laws that the government use to intimidate the press (Mustafa 1985). Similarly, the government often invoke the PPPA in order to keep the media in check, threatening to revoke their licenses if they should write something that is not flattery to the government (Nain & Lay Kim 2004). With repressive laws that intimidates, the journalist’s role to report the truth without fear or bias is often impeded.
In conclusion, it is clear that conscientious decision-making cannot be separated from the practice of ethical journalism as clearly illustrated by the seven factors of social influence: individual, small group, organisation, competition, occupation, extramedia, and law. While these factors continue to steer the way journalist function in the newsroom and fulfil their role as interpreter of events to the public, it is imperative that journalists practice a form of ethical journalism in order to do their jobs well. As Joseph Pulitzer once said: “Without high ethical ideals, a newspaper not only is stripped of its splendid possibilities for public service, but may become a positive danger to the community” (Chadwick 1994). Therefore, ethical journalism in conscientious decision-making is not only a must, but it is the very heart that fortifies the practice of journalism itself. Without ethical journalism which involves conscientious decision-making, the role and function of the press will never be fully realised.
(2175 words)
Ethical journalism requires conscientious decision-making in context
By Max Koh
Intro
It is the society that grants journalists the power to observe and report, and the society expect nothing less than true, honest, fair and accurate reporting (Tanner et al 2005). Kovach and Rosenthiel (2004) argue that journalists’ first loyalty to the citizens and their objective is to report facts as truthful and honest as possible. However, in fulfilling these responsibilities to the public, journalists face decision-making process everyday that is not always so obviously determined by a set of codes and law. Franklin (2005) argues that while journalistic codes of ethics exist to assist reporters to make those important decisions every day, ultimately it is conscience that becomes the ethical compass in situations where no formal codes can give clear guidance or morally dictates a decision is right or wrong. Franklin (2005) argues that the more experience a journalist is, the more readily he/she should recognise that such codes are not all-inclusive.
Nevertheless, Voakes (1997) argues that there is a hierarchy of social influences that influence journalists’ decision-making in ethical situations at most of the times, whether explicitly or not. This view is shared by Tanner (2005) who argues that journalists wrestle daily with their consciences in making ethical decisions in the newsroom.
Whatever it is, it is undisputed that conscientious decision-making is vital and influences ethical journalistic practices in the newsroom. The purpose of this paper is to examine the various factors that influence decision-making process and how journalists are guided in their ethics by intrinsic motivations (such as religious upbringing, personal moral compass, or desire for career advancement) and external heuristics (such as code of ethics, peer pressure, or the threat of reprimand) (Voakes 1997). At end of this paper, we hope to prove that conscientious decision-making is very much integral and vital in the practice of ethical journalism as vouched by various journalists and editors. In order to limit the scope of this paper, we will examine these factors based on the Theory of Social Influences (Shoemaker & Reese 1996). The seven factors are: individual, small group, organisation, competition, occupation, extramedia, and law.
Individual
However, this form of perception is further added by a moral compass that steers how journalists operate in the newsroom. Studies have shown that journalists are drawn to the profession by a sense of social responsibility (Schultz 1998). This include the journalists’ strive to report the truth in fairness and as accurately as possible on order to serve the public interest (Kovach & Rosenthiel 2004). This ‘desire to be ethical’ (Merrill 1997) forms the foundation of journalistic responsibility and can be categorised into three overarching behavioural norms: truth-telling, responsibility, and free expression (Christians 1989). Firstly, journalists strive to report reality as accurately as possible without fiction (truth-telling). Responsibility refers to the sense of behaviour where journalists act in order to serve the public and be accountable to them. And free expression relates to the internal desire to have personal freedom from external influences.
A study conducted by Voakes (1997) found that personal, intrinsic values, does influence the decision-making process of journalists. About 68 per cent of 118 journalists interviewed admitted that personal values and own logic influence ethical journalistic decisions. Personal values such as this, argues Johnstone et al (1972) is vital for it is the journalist’s task to provide the background and interpretation necessary to give events meaning. Johnstone argues that this role is expected of the journalists as they serve the public interest.
Small group
In a talk on journalism ethics to Taylors College student recently, Centre of Journalism editor Gayathry Venkiteswaran (2008) said that a cadet journalist who enters the newsroom can be very easily influenced by the cultural norms that exist within the news institution. She advised the cadets to hold on to their personal ethics and not succumb easily to social norms. This newsroom cultural norms can be interpreted as the small group social influence, and is confirmed by Schultz’s (1998) 1992 Media and Democracy Survey that ‘Colleagues are consistently the most significant source of guidance for the journalists surveyed.’ Findings in Voakes’ (1997) survey support this view as it is found that colleagues and editors often embolden a journalist to take some risk ethically. A 10-question-model proposed by Black, Steele and Barney’s (1997) advise journalists to seek other perspectives in their daily decision-making process. Within the newsroom culture, it is the fellow journalists and editors that one mostly seeks advice and help from. This is crucial as the more experienced senior journalists and editors will be able to help journalists make ethical journalistic decisions.
Organisation
It is also found in Voakes’ (1998) study that the organisation continues to highly influence decision-making by scoring the highest value. Another study by Johnstone et al (1973) found that the type of organisation have a bearing on how a journalist defines his responsibilities. It also found that the larger and more powerful news organisations allow the journalist to play a more active role in their decision-making process. Johnstone argues that an organisation by its very nature places restrictions on individual autonomy. In her speech, Venkiteswaran (2008) said that most journalists working in local mainstream media had their stories killed or altered in order to protect the interest of the media owners.
In the recent general elections, a media monitor by the Centre for Independence Journalism (CIJ), Writers Alliance for Media Independence (WAMI) and Charter 2000-Aliran found that major print media allocated more coverage for the ruling party, Barisan Nasional’s (BN) candidates and activities during the election period (Aliran 2008). This lapse of balance reporting also happened during the 1999 general elections (Anuar 2003) when mainstream media was bias towards the government. This is because most mainstream media in the country are owned and/or under control of the BN parties (Loh and Mustaha 1996). Therefore, it is obvious that organisation values, including the ownership does influence the decision-making process of journalists. This demand to meet the organisation’s goal creates a conflict from time to time as journalists have to respond between the demands of others and the organisational interest. The unprecedented win by the Opposition by the elections proved that the people are losing trust in mainstream newspaper, and trust is vital as the newspaper as regarded as watchdog and not propaganda tools for the government (Venkiteswaran 2008).
Competition
Competitive influence is concerned with the organisation’s relations with competitive news media in its market as well as the organisation’s place in the market (Voakes 1997). Weaver and Wilhoit (1996) found that competing media ranked seventh out of nine choices for influences for news judgement. While the study by Voakes (1997) also found that competitiveness is the least influential factor in ethical decision-making process, it is still important as it does have some bearing on the journalist’s ultimate decision on ethical situation.
Occupation
Occupational values comprise a common system of attitudes and beliefs that is transformed through the process of socialisation, into a system of norms to guide behaviour. This can be divided into two: the formal ‘professional’ ethical codes of conduct which is more concrete and the ongoing evolving of occupational norms. The formal codes of ethics are such as those drawn up by the Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance (MEAA) and National Union of Journalists. But while they do exist, they are rarely if ever enforced (Marzolf 1991). However, they do provide the articulation of the attitudes and general behaviour that is practiced by journalists in ethical decision-making. Tanner et al (2004) confirms that while codes of ethics are powerless, the professional codes are significant as they are the practitioners’ own articulation of the central principles governing their conduct. Professional codes are vital and as a comparison of the European codes (Laitila 1995) has shown, most codes share three key principles: accountability to the public, accountability to the sources and referents, and protection of the journalist’s professional integrity. So while the code alone cannot ensure ethical journalism, it is still an important influence in making ethical decisions (Voakes 1997).
Extramedia
Extramedia refers to influences from outside the organisations and structures of the news media (Shoemaker & Reese 1996). There are two main extramedia influences: sources of information and audience reaction. Gans (1979) posits that there is a symbiotic relationship between journalists and their sources. If a journalist writes against the favour of his source, he risk cutting off the flow of information for the future. Chequebook journalism and ‘freebies’ also comes into play and may give rise to conflicts of interest.
To help journalists avoid these ethical pitfalls that may destroy their credibility, the MEAA Code of Ethics offers clauses 4 to 7. In clause 4, journalists are to not allow personal interest, or any belief, commitment, payment, gift or benefit to undermine his accuracy, fairness or independence. Clause 5 protects the journalist from conflict of interest, commercial interests, and payment respectively. While journalists are generally advised to be detached from their sources, some struggle and become influenced when covering emotive stories such as the Asian tsunami disaster (Tanner et al 2005). While clause 4 may appear to be too draconian, Tanner argues that it just mean ‘journalist needs to be particularly careful.’ It is imperative therefore journalists maintain a level of detachment and independence from external factors, as not to undermine their role and responsibility to report accurately and truthfully for the public interest (Kovach & Rosenthiel 2004). Journalists should not place themselves in position where people can manipulate them or where there is a perception that they have been bought (Tanner et al 2005).
Law
Ethical decisions are very much influenced by legal obligations as well. In Malaysia, the presence of repressive laws such as the Internal Security Act (ISA), Official Secret Act (OSA), Printing Presses and Publication Act (PPPA), and Broadcasting Act inhibit the way journalists approach news and views, careful not to stir up ‘sensitive’ sentiments (Nain & Lay Kim 2004). The way journalists write in mainstream media has been affected ever since the Operasi Lalang crackdown in 1987 when the government shut down three national newspapers, The Star, Watan, and Sin Chew Jit Poh, and had their publishing permits or licensed revoked under the ISA when they reported sensitive issues about Chinese education and inter-ethnic tensions between political parties. When The Star was revived some months later, it was very much less critical of the government. Clearly, the ways journalists approach their news are very much influenced by the draconian laws that the government use to intimidate the press (Mustafa 1985). Similarly, the government often invoke the PPPA in order to keep the media in check, threatening to revoke their licenses if they should write something that is not flattery to the government (Nain & Lay Kim 2004). With repressive laws that intimidates, the journalist’s role to report the truth without fear or bias is often impeded.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is clear that conscientious decision-making cannot be separated from the practice of ethical journalism as clearly illustrated by the seven factors of social influence: individual, small group, organisation, competition, occupation, extramedia, and law. While these factors continue to steer the way journalist function in the newsroom and fulfil their role as interpreter of events to the public, it is imperative that journalists practice a form of ethical journalism in order to do their jobs well. As Joseph Pulitzer once said: “Without high ethical ideals, a newspaper not only is stripped of its splendid possibilities for public service, but may become a positive danger to the community” (Chadwick 1994). Therefore, ethical journalism in conscientious decision-making is not only a must, but it is the very heart that fortifies the practice of journalism itself. Without ethical journalism which involves conscientious decision-making, the role and function of the press will never be fully realised.
(2175 words)
References
Aliran 2008, ‘Utusan tops as the most pro-BN newspaper’, Election 2008- Malaysian Media Monitor’s Diary, viewed 6 June 2008,.
Alliance Online 2008, Media Alliance Code of Ethics, New South Wales, viewed 14 May 2008.
Anuar, MK 2003, ‘The Role of Malaysia’s Mainstream Press in the 1999 General Election’, in FKL Loh, J Saravanamuthu (eds.), New Politics in Malaysia, ISEAS, Singapore, pp. 53-65.
Black, J, Steele B, Barney, R (eds) 1997, Doing Ethics in Journalism, 3rd edn, Allyn & Bacon, Boston.
Chadwick, P 1994, ‘Creating Codes: Journalism Self-Regulation’, Not Just Another Business: Journalists, Citizens and the Media, Schultz J (ed), Pluto Press, Sydney, pp 167-187.
Christians, CG 1989, ‘Ethical Theory in a Global Setting’, Communication Ethics and Global Change, Cooper TW (ed), Longman, New York, pp 3-19.
Franklin, B, Hamer, M, Hanna, M, Kinsey, M, Richardson, JE 2005, Key Concepts in Journalism Studies, Sage, London.
Gans, H 1979, Deiciding What’s News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time, Vintage, New York.
Hargreaves, I 2003, Journalism: Truth or Dare, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Johnstone JWC, Salwski EJ, Bowman WW 1972, ‘The Professional Values of American Newsmen’, The Public Opinion Quaterly, vol. 36, no. 4, viewed 5 June 2008,
<>.
Kovach, B & Rosenthiel, T 2001, The Elements of Journalism, Three Rivers Press, New York.
Laitila, T 1995, ‘Journalistic Codes of Ethics in Europe’, European Journal of Communication, vol. 10, no.4, pp. 527-544.
Loh, FKW and Mustafa, AK 1996, 'The Press in Malaysia in the Early 1990s: Corporatisation, Technological Innovation and the Middle Class', MI Said and Z Emby (eds), Critical Perspectives: Essays in Honour of Syed Husin Ali, Malaysian Social Science Association, Petaling Jaya.
Marzolf, M 1991, Civilizing Voices: American Press Criticism, 1880-1950, Longman, New York.
Masterson, M & Patching, R 1997, Now the News in Detail: A Guide to Bradcast Journalism in Australia, Deakin University Press, Geelong.
Merrill, JC 1997, Journalism Ethics: Philosophical Foundations for News Media, St. Martins’ Press, New York.
Mustafa, AK 1985, ‘The Pressed in Malaysia’, Aliran Monthly, vol.5, no.5, pp.5-6.
Nain, Z & Kim, WL 2004, ‘Ownership, Control and the Malaysian Media’, Who Owns the Media? Global Trends and Local Resistance, Zed Books, New York.
National Union of Journalists Malaysia 2008, National Union of Journalists Malaysia Code of Ethics, Kuala Lumpur, viewed 5 June 2008.
Richards, I 2005, Quagmires and Quandries: Exploring Journalism Ethics, Pearson Longman, New South Wales.
Schultz, J 1998, Reviving the Fourth Estate: Democracy, Accountability and the Media, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Shoemaker, P & Reese, S 1996, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content, Longman, New York.
Tanner, S, Phillips, G, Smyth, C, Tapsall, S 2005, Journalism Ethics at Work, Pearson Longman, New South Wales.
Venkiteswaran, G 2008, Ethics in Journalism, Talk to Taylor’s College students at Taylor’s College, 11 June.
Voakes, PS 1997, ‘Social Influence on Journalists’, Journal of Mass Media Ethics Exploring Questions of Media Morality, vol. 12, no.1, viewed 5 June 2008,.
Weaver, D & Wilhoit, G 1996, The American Journalist in the 1990s: US News People at the End of an Era, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
White, HA 1996, ‘The Salience and Pertinence of Ethics: When Journalists Do and Don’t Think for Themselves’, Journalism ans Mass Communication Quaterly, vol. 73, no.1, pp. 17-28.
Aliran 2008, ‘Utusan tops as the most pro-BN newspaper’, Election 2008- Malaysian Media Monitor’s Diary, viewed 6 June 2008,
Alliance Online 2008, Media Alliance Code of Ethics, New South Wales, viewed 14 May 2008
Anuar, MK 2003, ‘The Role of Malaysia’s Mainstream Press in the 1999 General Election’, in FKL Loh, J Saravanamuthu (eds.), New Politics in Malaysia, ISEAS, Singapore, pp. 53-65.
Black, J, Steele B, Barney, R (eds) 1997, Doing Ethics in Journalism, 3rd edn, Allyn & Bacon, Boston.
Chadwick, P 1994, ‘Creating Codes: Journalism Self-Regulation’, Not Just Another Business: Journalists, Citizens and the Media, Schultz J (ed), Pluto Press, Sydney, pp 167-187.
Christians, CG 1989, ‘Ethical Theory in a Global Setting’, Communication Ethics and Global Change, Cooper TW (ed), Longman, New York, pp 3-19.
Franklin, B, Hamer, M, Hanna, M, Kinsey, M, Richardson, JE 2005, Key Concepts in Journalism Studies, Sage, London.
Gans, H 1979, Deiciding What’s News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time, Vintage, New York.
Hargreaves, I 2003, Journalism: Truth or Dare, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Johnstone JWC, Salwski EJ, Bowman WW 1972, ‘The Professional Values of American Newsmen’, The Public Opinion Quaterly, vol. 36, no. 4, viewed 5 June 2008,
<>.
Kovach, B & Rosenthiel, T 2001, The Elements of Journalism, Three Rivers Press, New York.
Laitila, T 1995, ‘Journalistic Codes of Ethics in Europe’, European Journal of Communication, vol. 10, no.4, pp. 527-544.
Loh, FKW and Mustafa, AK 1996, 'The Press in Malaysia in the Early 1990s: Corporatisation, Technological Innovation and the Middle Class', MI Said and Z Emby (eds), Critical Perspectives: Essays in Honour of Syed Husin Ali, Malaysian Social Science Association, Petaling Jaya.
Marzolf, M 1991, Civilizing Voices: American Press Criticism, 1880-1950, Longman, New York.
Masterson, M & Patching, R 1997, Now the News in Detail: A Guide to Bradcast Journalism in Australia, Deakin University Press, Geelong.
Merrill, JC 1997, Journalism Ethics: Philosophical Foundations for News Media, St. Martins’ Press, New York.
Mustafa, AK 1985, ‘The Pressed in Malaysia’, Aliran Monthly, vol.5, no.5, pp.5-6.
Nain, Z & Kim, WL 2004, ‘Ownership, Control and the Malaysian Media’, Who Owns the Media? Global Trends and Local Resistance, Zed Books, New York.
National Union of Journalists Malaysia 2008, National Union of Journalists Malaysia Code of Ethics, Kuala Lumpur, viewed 5 June 2008
Richards, I 2005, Quagmires and Quandries: Exploring Journalism Ethics, Pearson Longman, New South Wales.
Schultz, J 1998, Reviving the Fourth Estate: Democracy, Accountability and the Media, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Shoemaker, P & Reese, S 1996, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content, Longman, New York.
Tanner, S, Phillips, G, Smyth, C, Tapsall, S 2005, Journalism Ethics at Work, Pearson Longman, New South Wales.
Venkiteswaran, G 2008, Ethics in Journalism, Talk to Taylor’s College students at Taylor’s College, 11 June.
Voakes, PS 1997, ‘Social Influence on Journalists’, Journal of Mass Media Ethics Exploring Questions of Media Morality, vol. 12, no.1, viewed 5 June 2008,
Weaver, D & Wilhoit, G 1996, The American Journalist in the 1990s: US News People at the End of an Era, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
White, HA 1996, ‘The Salience and Pertinence of Ethics: When Journalists Do and Don’t Think for Themselves’, Journalism ans Mass Communication Quaterly, vol. 73, no.1, pp. 17-28.
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